The Major Milestones for Development of Trade Unions in Tanzania: Is the Environment for the Operation Conducive?

Trade unions are legally recognized as official organizations representing and protecting workers rights and interests. They have to struggle to ensure the improvement of living standards of employees. This can be achieved through trade unions consciousness and participation in government’s labour policies, member’s commitment, and strong leadership. However, trade unions require favoring environment for their participation and rising voices, especially when governments and policies are silent about workers’ rights or when workers benefits are at stake. This paper, for that matter, explores the major milestones for the development of trade unions in Tanzania since independence to present. It also assesses the conduciveness of environment for the operation of trade unions in Tanzania today. It is however, the opinion of this paper that, the environment for the operation of trade unions is still a mixture and not much favorable for the operation of trade unions. Keywords: Environment, Milestones, Trade union

Relating Locke’s Idea of Social Contract Theory and Political Accountability in Tanzania

Locke opines that, a State is created through the medium of  a contract in which each individual agrees with each other to give up  to the community the natural right of enforcing the law of reason, in  order that life, liberty and property may be preserved. In modern States, such contract exists in their constitutions. The constitution grants power to citizens to hold the government accountable. The aspect as to whether the Locke’s idea of accountability works in Tanzania attracts an interesting debate. This article explores the mechanism (s) used in Tanzania by citizens to hold political leaders accountable basing on Locke’s idea of social contract using 2010 and 2015 general elections as case study. Data were collected through reviewing documents including the constitution of Tanzania and literatures on Locke’s social contract idea on political accountability. The study reveals that, it is through general elections citizens hold the government accountable hence, conforming to the said contract idea. The mechanism has its pros and cons in the country though debatably, the study opines that the cons seem to outweigh the pros. While the state moves on using the mechanism revealed, it can think of application of other mechanisms like referendum to better conform to Locke’s idea of accountability in Social Contract Theory. Keywords: Political accountability, Locke and Social Contract Theory DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/68-09 Publication date:September 30th 202

Depressive Symptoms as a Moderator of Diurnal Trends in Reward Seeking

Anhedonia, a cardinal symptom of a major depressive episode, is the decreased motivation to seek rewards. Individuals with depressive symptoms tend to report reduced positive affect, a distal measure of reward motivation, and engage in less reward-motivated behavior (i.e., reward seeking). However, diurnal rhythms may also influence reward-seeking. Both self-reported positive affect and behavioral measures of reward-seeking increase from the morning to the afternoon and then decreased in the evening. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether reward-seeking varied across time of day and whether anhedonia moderated variation. Overall, reward-seeking did not vary across time of day. Diurnal trends in reward seeking may require within-subjects designs to detect individual variation over time. Additionally, anhedonia and depressive symptoms were not associated with reward seeking, nor moderated the relationship between reward seeking and the time of task completion. Risk taking may be too distal to reward seeking and anhedonia’s influence may be specific to rewards without salient risks. Exploratory results found cubic trends in certain measures of reward-seeking that may be a result of fatigue evoked by the study design

Advanced wave modeling, including wave-current interaction

The paper outlines principles of phase-resolving and phase-average wave models, with emphasis on the state of the art of wave-current interaction physics. We argue that these interactions are the least well-developed part of such models. Linear and nonlinear dynamics of waves on currents are discussed; depth-integrated and depth-varying approaches are described. Finally, examples of numerical model performance for waves on currents in realistic oceanic scenarios are presented